Research assessment has a dual character. On the one hand it is rooted in material facts and objective methods. Strong research quality and quantity should be and are rewarded in the research excellence framework (Ref). On the other hand, the outcome is shaped normatively by institutions that select and fashion data for competitive purposes.

科研評估具有雙重性，一方面它是根植于用客觀的方法用物品得出實驗結果。強大的研究質量和數量應該在Ref中得到重視。另一方面，得出的結論要根據學校競選的目的進行修正。

It is also influenced by the subject area panels that define what research should be considered outstanding on a global scale. It’s for this reason that research assessment is only partly reliable as an indicator of the real quality of the work of universities, especially comparative quality.

這也是受專業領域的影響科研成果要在全球范圍內得出杰出的成果。這是科研評估僅僅局部考察學校成果的質量的一個原因，尤其是對評選質量的考察。

In that respect, Ref is similar to all performance assessments in policy settings. The reality is very complex, it is never fully captured in the data, some things (eg citation impact in top journals) are easier to measure than others (eg long-term impacts of research on policy and professional practice), and experienced players are best at gaming the system in their own interest.

字這個方面，在政策設定上Ref和其他評估標準很相似。事實很復雜，在數據中不能完全獲得，有些事實(例如著名雜志期刊的文章引用)比另一些(例如專業措施和政策的長期影響)更容易衡量得出結果。有經驗的人很擅長根據自己的興趣運作系統。

A very strong overall Ref performance signifies a large concentration of outstanding work. It is an unambiguous plus. All the same, precise league table positions in the Ref, indicator by indicator, should be taken with a grain of salt.

Ref的全部結果表明了工作的關注點。這是一個模糊的界定，同樣的，Ref準確的排名表，每個數據都應該帶著懷疑的態度不能全信。

“Ref assesses simulations of impact”

During the Ref, the indicators for “impact” – which are new to the 2014 assessment – are the least objectively grounded and most vulnerable to manipulation. This is because of the intrinsic difficulty of measuring the changes to society, economy and policy induced by new knowledge.

在Ref中，影響的指數——在2014年的評估中是新的指數，是最不客觀的一項指數同時也是最容易被操控的。這是由于衡量社會變化，新知識引導的經濟和政策難以被衡量的固有本質決定的。

The crafted “impact-related” data that is collected during the Ref assessment process also presents challenges. A sophisticated industry has already emerged, manufacturing examples of the relevant “evidence” of impact. Ref assesses simulations of impact, rather than actual impact.

手工制作的影響相關的數據在Ref評估過程收集的時候存在挑戰。一個復雜的行業興起了，制造相關證明的例子。Ref評估的是模仿的影響而不是真實的。

Research is getting better all the time: or is it?

First, between the 2008 RAE and the 2014 Ref there has been a notable inflation of the proportion of UK research outputs judged to be “world leading” (rated 4*) and “internationally excellent” (rated 3*).

科研一直都發展的很好，確實是這樣嗎?

首先，在2008年的RAE和2014年Ref中，英國科研成果的產出被評為世界頂尖的比例出現波動。

In 2008, just 14% of research outputs were judged to be 4* and 37% were judged to be 3*, a total of 51% in the top two categories. In 2014, the proportion of the work judged to be outstanding had somehow jumped to 72%, with 22% judged to be 4* and another 50% judged to be 3*. This phenomenal improvement happened at a time when resources in higher education were constrained by historical standards.

在2008年，僅有14%的成果評定為4*,37%的評定為3*兩個分類里面只占51%。到了2014年，優秀科研成果的比例一下增加到了72%，22%評定為4*而有50%評定為3*。這種現象改變出現在由于歷史標準被限制的高等教育。

While genuine improvement no doubt has occurred in at least some fields, the scale and speed of this improvement beggars belief. It reflects a combination of factors that generate boosterism.

在很多領域確實出現了改善，這種速度和規模是不太真實的。反映出的是因素的結合產生除了虛夸的效果。

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